Bhangra Essay Essays

Bhangra Essay Essays Bhangra Essay Paper Bhangra Essay Paper Bha?g?a ( Punjabi: ( Gurmukhi ) . ( Shahmukhi ) . ( Devanagari ) ; pronounced [ pa? ] ) is a signifier of dance and music that originated in the Punjab part. [ 1 ] Bhangra dance began as a common people dance conducted by Punjabi Sikh husbandmans ( Jatts ) to observe the coming of the crop season. The specific moves of Bhangra reflect the mode in which villagers farmed their land. This dance art further became synthesized after the divider of India. when refugees from different parts of the Punjab shared their common people dances with persons who resided in the parts they settled in. This intercrossed dance became Bhangra. The common people dance has been popularised in the western universe by Punjabi Sikhs [ 2 ] and is seen in the West as an look of South Asiatic civilization as a whole. [ 3 ] Today. Bhangra dance survives in different signifiers and manners all over the Earth – including dad music. movie soundtracks. collegiate competitions and ev en endowment shows. Bhangra dance is based on a Punjabi common people dhol round called ‘bhangra’ vocalizing and the round of the dhol membranophone. a single-stringed instrument called the iktar ( ektara ) . the tumbi and the chimta. Bhangra music nevertheless. is a signifier of music that originated in 1980s in Britain. The attendant vocals are little pairs written in the Punjabi linguistic communication called bolis. They relate to current issues faced by the vocalists and ( dil di gal ) what they truly want to state. In Punjabi common people music. the dhol’s smaller cousin. the dholki. was about ever used to supply the chief round. Nowadays the dhol is used more often in common people music nevertheless in bhangra dholki is still preferred. with and without the dholki. Extra percussion. including tabla. is less often used in bhangra as a solo instrument but is sometimes used to attach to the dhol and dholki. The dholki membranophone forms in Bhangra music bear an confidant similarity to the beat in Reggae music. This beat serves as a common yarn which allows for easy commingling between Punjabi common people and Reggae as demonstrated by such creative persons as the UK’s Apache Indian. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] In the late sixtiess and 1970s. several Punjabi Sikh bands from the United Kingdom set the phase for Bhangra to go a signifier of music alternatively of being merely a dance. The success of many Punjabi creative persons based in the United Kingdom. created a fanbase. divine new creative persons. and found big sums of support in both East and West Punjab. These creative persons. some of whom are still active today. include. Heera Group. Alaap. A. S. Kang and Apna Sangeet. Bhangra has developed as a combination of dances from different parts of the Punjab part. The term â€Å"Bhangra† now refers to several sorts of dances and humanistic disciplines. including Jhumar. Luddi. Giddha. Julli. Daankara. Dhamal. Saami. Kikli. and Gatka. * Jhumar. originally from Sandalbar. Punjab. comprises an of import portion of Punjab common people heritage. It is a graceful dance. based on a specific Jhumar beat. Dancers circle around a membranophone participant while singing a soft chorus. * A individual executing the Luddi dance topographic points one manus behind his caput and the other in forepart of his face. while rocking his caput and weaponries. He typically wears a field loose shirt and sways in a snake-like mode. Like a Jhumar terpsichorean. the Luddi terpsichorean moves around a dhol participant. * Womans have a different and much milder dance called Giddha. The terpsichoreans enact poetries called bolis. stand foring a broad assortment of topics - everything from statements with a sister-in-law to political personal businesss. The beat of the dance depends on the membranophones and the handclaps of the terpsichoreans. * Daankara is a dance of jubilation. typically performed at nuptialss. Two work forces. each keeping colourful staffs. dance around each other in a circle while tapping their sticks together in beat with the membranophones. * Dancers besides form a circle while executing Dhamal. They besides hold their weaponries high. agitate their shoulders and caputs. and cry and shriek. Dhamal is a true folk-dance. stand foring the bosom of Bhangra. * Women of the Sandalbar part traditionally are known for the Saami. The terpsichoreans dress in brilliantly colored kurtas and full flowing skirts called lehengas. * Like Daankara. Kikli features braces of terpsichoreans. this clip adult females. The terpsichoreans cross their weaponries. keep each other’s custodies. and whirl around singing common people vocals. Occasionally four misss fall in custodies to execute this dance. * Gatka is a Punjabi Sikh soldierly art in which people use blades. sticks. or stickers. Historians believe that the 6th Sikh guru started the art of Gatka after the martyrdom of 5th guru. Guru Arjan Dev. Wherever there is a big Punjabi Sikh population. there will be Gatka participants. frequently including little kids and grownups. These participants normally perform Gatka on particular Punjabi vacations. In add-on to these different dances. a Bhangra public presentation typically contains many energetic stunts. The most popular stunt is called the Moor. or Inachis io. in which a terpsichorean sits on someone’s shoulders. while another individual bents from his trunk by his legs. Two-person towers. pyramids . and assorted whirling stunts are besides popular. [ 16 ] Outfits Traditional work forces wear a chaadra while making Bhangra. A chaadra is a piece of fabric wrapped around the waist. Work force besides wear a kurta. which is a long Indian-style shirt. In add-on. work forces wear pagadi ( besides known as turbans ) to cover their caputs. In modern times. work forces besides wear turla. the fan attached to the pagadi. Colorful waistcoats are worn above the kurta. Fumans ( little balls attached to ropes ) are worn on each arm. Womans wear a traditional Punjabi frock known as a salwar kameez. long loose-fitting bloomerss tight at the mortise joint ( salwar ) and a long colourful shirt ( kameez ) . Women besides wear chunnis. colourful pieces of fabric wrapped around the cervix. These points are all really colourful and vivacious. stand foring the rich rural colourss of Punjab. [ 17 ] Besides the above. the Bhangra frock has different parts that are listed below in item: * Turla or Torla. which is a fan like adornment on the turban * Pag ( turban. a mark of pride/honor in Punjab ) . This is tied otherwise than the traditional turban one sees Sikhs erosion in the street. This turban has to be tied before each show * Kurta – Similar to a silk shirt. with about 4 buttons. really loose with embroidered forms. * Lungi or Chadar. A loose loincloth tied around the dancer’s waist. which is normally really adorned. * Jugi: A vest. with no buttons. * Rumal: Small ‘scarves’ worn on the fingers. They look really elegant and are effectual when the custodies move during the class of bhangra public presentation. . . and you can see a exposure of a bhangra dhol drummer. costumed and in full swing. Harmonizing to Sanjay Sharma. in her article. [ 11 ] she explains/points out the fact that Bhangra represents Asians and is referred to today as Asian music which accounts for the huge being of Asiatic wear and non to advert symbols as portion of their traditional dress/costumes Instruments Many different Punjabi instruments contribute to the sound of Bhangra. Although the most of import instrument is the keyboard. Bhangra besides features a assortment of twine and other membranophone instruments. The primary and most of import instrument that defines Bhangra is the dhol. The dhol is a big. high-bass membranophone. played by crushing it with two sticks – known as daggah ( deep terminal ) and tilli ( soprano terminal ) . The breadth of a dhol tegument is about 15 inches in general. and the dhol participant holds his instrument with a strap around his cervix. The twine instruments include the guitar ( both acoustic and electrical ) . bass. sitar. tumbi. fiddle and sarangi. The trap. Toms. dhad. dafli. dholki. and damru are the other membranophones. The tumbi. originally played by common people creative persons such as Lalchand Yamla Jatt and Kuldip Manak in true common people recordings and so famously mastered by chamkila. a celebrated Punjabi common people vocalist ( non bhangra vocalist ) . is a high-tone. single-string instrument. It has merely one twine. nevertheless it is hard to get the hang. The sarangi is a multi-stringed instrument. slightly similar to the fiddle and is played utilizing meends. The sapera produces a beautiful. high-pitched wiry round. while the supp and chimta add an excess. light sound to Bhangra music. Finally. the dhad. dafli. dholki. and damru are instruments that produce more drum beats. but with much less bass than the dhol membranophone.

Timeline of American History from 1871 to 1875

Timeline of American History from 1871 to 1875 1871 President Ulysses S. Grant creates the Civil Service Commission.The Indian Appropriation Act of 1871 is passed. Tribes will no longer be seen as independent but as wards of the State.The Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 is passed. This act allows the president to send in troops to enforce the 14th amendment.The Treaty of Washington between the United States and Great Britain is ratified. This treaty allows for a commission to settle fishing and boundary disputes between the two countries.  The New York Times writes investigated articles about William Boss Tweed that reveal the level of corruption in New York City. He is eventually brought to trial.Brigham Young is arrested for polygamy.The Chicago fire leads to the destruction of most of the city. 1872 Yellowstone Park is created as a public preserve.The Freedmans Bureau set up during Reconstruction is effectively ended.The Credit Mobilier Scandal takes occurs. In the scandal, key government officials created a company called of the same name that awarded itself construction contracts to build the railways.  Ulysses S. Grant wins a second term by a landslide.William Boss Tweed is convicted of all counts and sentenced to twelve years in prison. He dies while in prison. 1873 The Coinage Act of 1873 is passed. This act removes silver from the coinage in order to more forcefully advocate for the gold standard.Oakes Ames, the man responsible for the Credit Mobilier Scandal is found guilty of bribery. However, he ends up only get censured.The Salary Grab Act is passed. This act provides for increases in salaries for the congress, the supreme court, and the president by 50% and also is retroactive for the previous two years. The uproar is so great that Congress eventually rescinds the raises for themselves but keeps them in place for the supreme court and president.The Panic of 1873 starts a five-year depression, during this time over 10,000 businesses will fail. The stock exchange closes for ten days. 1874 Morrison R. Waite is named the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.Former President Millard Fillmore dies at the age of 74.The Chautauqua movement begins when Lewis Miller and John H. Vincent start a summer training of Sunday school teachers. It will eventually broaden to include many subjects.For the first time since the beginning of the Civil War, the Democratic Party regains control of the House of Representatives.The Womens Christian Temperance Union is formed when individuals from seventeen states meet in Cleveland, Ohio. 1875 The Specie Resumption Act passes Congress. It allows for legal tender to be exchanged for gold. The act also reduces the number of greenbacks in circulation.The US makes a treaty with Hawaii allowing the import of goods to be duty-free. It also asserts that no other power can take over Hawaii.The Civil Rights Act is passed, which states that no one can be denied equal access to public facilities.The Whiskey Ring Scandal occurs. In this scandal, it is shown that officials have been skimming millions from the distilleries. The leader, John McDonald, is a friend of President Grants. In addition, Grants personal secretary, Orville Babcock is involved.  Former President Andrew Johnson dies at the age of 66.The Molly Maguires, an Irish miners group, is broken up after their leadership is convicted of murder for its harsh tactics in Pennsylvania. However, their efforts did bring to light the terrible conditions of the miners and eventually led to improvements.The Second Sioux War begins a nd lasts through the fall and winter. By the following summer, they will have been defeated through the efforts of the US military.

HEALTH AND WORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HEALTH AND WORK - Essay Example Cox: 1996) In light of the preceding nuances on racism institutional racism can be thus perceived as a way in which particular racial groups are denied rights or benefits or on the other extreme, get preferential treatment. "Institutional racism (or structural racism or systemic racism) refers to a form of racism which occurs specifically in institutions such as public bodies, corporations, and universities." (Institutional racism: Wikipedia 2008) According to the source cited above the term was coined by Black Nationalist, pan-Africanist and honorary prime minister of the Black Panther Party, Stokely Carmichael. In the late 1960s, Carmichael defined the term as "the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin". There is resonating concurrence in various theories and perspectives on institutional racism that this form is an elaborate form of racism that purports to circumvent the acute nature, application and effects of orthodox racism. Some Examples drawn from American history illustrate the dynamics of institutional racism. In 1935, the U.S. Congress promulgated the Social Security Act. The act was guaranteeing an income for millions of workers after retirement.

Is Iran planning to build nuclear weapons See GI 2012, page 18, or GI Research Paper

Is Iran planning to build nuclear weapons See GI 2012, page 18, or GI 2013 page 203 - Research Paper Example This show, Iran does not aim at building the stockpile that would be dangerous and hazardous to the global peace and regional security. The original traces come forth in form of the U.S supported government that was in place in Iran in the 1950s after a coup that took place in 1953 (Dabashi, p 73)). Although at that point, the United States of America facilitated it based on the need for civilian purposes, yet with time the role and intentions towards building this stockpile grew suspiciously awkward. In the post 1979 Iranian scenario, Iran has had a mixed reaction towards the acquisition of nuclear arsenal. Considering the Islamic outlook of the government, the official policy maintained by the government stated that the actions and building of the nuclear arsenal is against the values and spirit of Islam, for it causes direct damage and destruction to humanity, it therefore was officially declared that Iran does not aim following the nuclear ambitions (Parsi, p. 144). However, time and again the indications have been such that Iran is pursuing the silent acquiring of the nuclear stock pile. This has been reported number of times in the intelligence reports that have been collected based on the evidences and other factors through the works of the intelligence agencies. The large number of nuclear power plants and some of them are underground and have not been declared publically, this fact castes aspersion over the Iran’s intentions and brings about suspicion with regard to its actual motives behind the overall nuclear conundrum created. In the presence of such large number of nuclear power plants, one of the most critical one controversial one that has raised eye brows is that of Bushehr 1 reactor which has been built in association with Russia(Cordesman and Seitz ¸p 219). It has been center of attention for the West and they suspect it is center to military

Things Not Seen Essay Example for Free

Things Not Seen Essay Things Not Seen Author: Andrew Clements Genre: Fiction Favorite Character amp; Why: My favorite character in this story was Robert Phelps also known as â€Å"Bobby†, because Bobby feels invisible to his parents, even before he actually is invisible. He feels like they put work before him, and don’t notice what he wants or who he is, which I can relate to. Reasons I liked this Book: The reasons I liked this book is because it shows how this teenager has to deal with being invisible and not knowing if he’ll ever go back to normal. Also because this book makes you think about how you would feel and deal with the fact knowing that you’re invisible and no one can see you. Summary: Fifteen year old Bobby Phillips wakes up one morning and discovers he’s become invisible. After he proves to his parents that je has turn invisible he is forced to stay at home and not to tell anyone that he has become invisible. Then Bobby’s parents get into a car accident that causes them to be hospitalized. So Bobby then meets a blind girl named Alicia in a library. And later on learns that about Bobby’s â€Å"condition† that he has. Later on the law gets involved and investigates why Bobby has not been seen, which could end up with his parents in jail. On this difficult journey that Bobby has to face with his parents and his new friend Alicia by his side to help him find out why he has become invisible. 1st Quote: I cant see myself! You cant see me. I cant be seen like, Im invisible! † (3) This quote is important because it shows how scared Bobby is and how he reacts to his parents about him not being able to see himself. This can give you an idea on how he will deal with him being invisible later on. 2nd Quote: â€Å"But then come the tears. Mom slumps down in her chair and starts crying, and I cant take that. I can never take that. †   (6) This shows how Bobby’ s Condition is begging to affect his mother.

Confocal Microscopy Lab Essay -- Ovarian Ring Canal Medical Technology

Confocal Microscopy Lab Confocal microscopy uses a laser that produces excitation light. This laser light reflects off of a dichroic mirror and then the laser light hits two mirrors that are mounted on motors. The mirrors then scan the laser light across the sample. Dye that is found in the sample then fluoresces (Weeks, 2003). Filamin was labeled with a red fluorescent label rhodamine (TRITC) and actin was labeled with the green fluorescent label fluoroscein (FITC) which was conjugated to the actin-binding fungal toxin phalloidin. The emitted light from the dyes passes back through the mirrors and passes through the dichroic mirror and is focuses into a pinhole. With confocal microscopy, a complete image of the sample is never seen. Only one point of the sample can be observed at a time. The amount of light that passes back through is detected by the microscope (Ladic, 1995). The intensity of the red light seen is proportional to the amount of filamin present and the intensity of the green ligh t seen is proportional to the amount of actin present in the sample of Drosophila melanogaster ovaries. Confocal microscopy is able to produce images that are very free from interference. The confocal pinhole allows the microscope to reject out of focus fluorescent light (Weeks, 2003). This means that the image comes from a thin section of the ovary sample. Many thin sections will be scanned through the sample; this allows a clean three dimensional image to be made. A confocal microscope has a few advantages over regular optical microscopes. Confocal microscopes have controllable depth of field, the elimination of image degrading information that is out of focus, and the ability to collect series of data from s... .../ladic/overview.html. Accessed 6 December 2004. Robinson, D.N., K. Cant and L. Cooley. 1994. "Morphogenesis of Drosophila ovarian ring canals." Development. 120, 2015-2025. Robinson, D.N, T.A. Smith-Leiker, N.S. Sokol, A.M. Hudson and L. Cooley. 1997. â€Å"Formation of the Drosophila ovarian ring canal inner rim depends on cheerio.† Genetics. 145, 1063-1072 Shilling, Kristen (David S. Richard). â€Å"Ovarian nurse cell ring canal formation in wild- type and insulin signaling mutant female Drosophila melanogaster.† Tilney, L.G., M.S. Tilney, and G.M. Guild. 1996. â€Å"Formation of actin filament bundles in the ring canals of developing Drosophila follicles.† The Journal of Cell Biology. 133, 61-74. Weeks, Eric. 2003. â€Å"How does a confocal microscope work?† Physics Department, Emory University. http://www.physics.emory.edu/~weeks/confocal/. Accessed 3 December 2004 Confocal Microscopy Lab Essay -- Ovarian Ring Canal Medical Technology Confocal Microscopy Lab Confocal microscopy uses a laser that produces excitation light. This laser light reflects off of a dichroic mirror and then the laser light hits two mirrors that are mounted on motors. The mirrors then scan the laser light across the sample. Dye that is found in the sample then fluoresces (Weeks, 2003). Filamin was labeled with a red fluorescent label rhodamine (TRITC) and actin was labeled with the green fluorescent label fluoroscein (FITC) which was conjugated to the actin-binding fungal toxin phalloidin. The emitted light from the dyes passes back through the mirrors and passes through the dichroic mirror and is focuses into a pinhole. With confocal microscopy, a complete image of the sample is never seen. Only one point of the sample can be observed at a time. The amount of light that passes back through is detected by the microscope (Ladic, 1995). The intensity of the red light seen is proportional to the amount of filamin present and the intensity of the green ligh t seen is proportional to the amount of actin present in the sample of Drosophila melanogaster ovaries. Confocal microscopy is able to produce images that are very free from interference. The confocal pinhole allows the microscope to reject out of focus fluorescent light (Weeks, 2003). This means that the image comes from a thin section of the ovary sample. Many thin sections will be scanned through the sample; this allows a clean three dimensional image to be made. A confocal microscope has a few advantages over regular optical microscopes. Confocal microscopes have controllable depth of field, the elimination of image degrading information that is out of focus, and the ability to collect series of data from s... .../ladic/overview.html. Accessed 6 December 2004. Robinson, D.N., K. Cant and L. Cooley. 1994. "Morphogenesis of Drosophila ovarian ring canals." Development. 120, 2015-2025. Robinson, D.N, T.A. Smith-Leiker, N.S. Sokol, A.M. Hudson and L. Cooley. 1997. â€Å"Formation of the Drosophila ovarian ring canal inner rim depends on cheerio.† Genetics. 145, 1063-1072 Shilling, Kristen (David S. Richard). â€Å"Ovarian nurse cell ring canal formation in wild- type and insulin signaling mutant female Drosophila melanogaster.† Tilney, L.G., M.S. Tilney, and G.M. Guild. 1996. â€Å"Formation of actin filament bundles in the ring canals of developing Drosophila follicles.† The Journal of Cell Biology. 133, 61-74. Weeks, Eric. 2003. â€Å"How does a confocal microscope work?† Physics Department, Emory University. http://www.physics.emory.edu/~weeks/confocal/. Accessed 3 December 2004

Project Management E-Mail Essay

Our team was chosen by Mr. Wendell Deirelein, VP, to analyze three projects and give a recommendation of what company, Piper Industries Corp., should invest in. Our recommendation will include our selected project, a description of the five phases of the project and the key deliverables. Piper Industries Corp needs a completed project that would generate revenue within 12 months for the Project Management Office’s. After much review and evaluation we have selected the Project Code name: Stargazer as the project for investment next week by Piper Industries Corp., The Stargazer project has a massive research, and development on their new widgets, the company has spent $450,000 on this product and an estimated to bring in $575,000. Stargazer will be implemented by using the feasibility study. The feasibility study shows that this project has been evaluated and analysis of the potential of proposed project. Although, this product is not in production yet an extensive investigation and research to support the process of decision- making. The strengths and weaknesses of this proposed venture, opportunities and threats to carry out this project for its success. The feasibility is the cost required and the values attain to be successful. The risk of completion this project on time is high which will generate revenue within the 12 months. Our team feels that Stargazer will be an innovative money maker for Piper Industries Corp. The five phases of project management need to be fulfilled for a successful project. We have reviewed each phase and found that the following in regards to the Stargazer  project. Project initiation was completed by the feasibility studies, this project was named and defined, sponsors and stakeholders are deciding if they want to participate in this project. During the project planning phase, Stargazer has developed a plan for cost, scope, time, quality, communication, resources, and risk. This project is this first of its kind in the industry, therefore Stargazer will be seen as a leader in the marketplace. In the Project Execution phase, the project deliverable is developed and completed. This phase along with the project monitoring and control phase go hand in hand and are performed simultaneously. In this phase status meetings, project development updates, status reports, performance reports and human resource development are completed. The stargazer project product life is forecasted to be seven years for this product. Measuring Stargazer’s project performance and progression, calculating key performance indicators for cost and time to measure the degree of variation if any and in which case corrective measures are done in the project monitoring and control phase. Stargazer project is forecasted to have an ROI of $300,000 for the first year; $550,000 the second year and $750,000 the third year. The final phase of the project management is the project closure, in this phase tasks such as making the delivery, relieving resources, reward and recognitions of all the team members and the termination of contractors that were involve in the project. Piper Industries Corp. will have a closure ceremony for the project we selected and recognize all team members that took part in the planning of Stargaze, Piper Industries Corp. will host a launch party to announce that we will invest in Stargazer’s new widget product to be introduced into the marketplace in June, 2015.

Communication Accommodation Theory

Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) states that people adjust their communication to others due to various reasons: seek for listener’s approval, maintain positive social identity and wanting to achieve communication efficiency. According to Giles, people accommodate their speeches and behaviors more to the people they found attracted to and who have more similar beliefs and attitudes with them. Giles suggested that people use perception and evalution in conversations, which means people observe and interpret message before they decide how to act in a conversation.Moreover, people who has a lower social status is often more likely to accommodate to and guided by people who are from higher social status. People also perform their behaviors according to norms and appropriateness, where they try to reach the expectations of behaviors in conversations. CAT suggests several ways when people adapt during conversations: convergence, divergence and overaccommodation. People may a djust themselves in order to highlight similar behaviors to others or distinguish themselves from others.Convergence is a strategy used to adapt another’s behaviors. Usually people converge toward stereotypes. Divergence is used to emphasize differences between communicators. It is a way to maintain one’s social identity and power status. Overaccommodation means to overdo in regulating to others even acting from good intentions. What Giles suggested in the theory is more than only showing us the reason we accommodate or Not accommodate to others in conversations. People use these tactics in order to maintain their social identities and statuses.It is especially important to minorities, whom are always expected to adjust to the mainstream. This theory make them realize what they have been doing unconsciously and what created unjustice in society. Another phenomenon that the theory has suggested is that people sometimes over-accommodate in order to fit in a group. People try to be someone who they are not even partly similar. Learning this theory might allow them to realize it might not be a good idea to overly adjust. Communication accommodation theory Theory Theory of Communication Accommodation Keenness State university Melinda Sykes Communication Accommodation Theory 2 Introduction Verbal behavior is an active lifestyle that individuals use to convey messages. This are of communication involves a multitude of approaches, both In a behavioral sense but also a social psychological approach. Our behavior alters our environment with or without our permission. Therefore, speech is an integral part of the communication accommodation theory because pitch. Illume. Tone and many others s said to cause a shift in ones behavior. In 1987, Giles & Wingman explained communication accommodation as a theory that examines underlying motivations and consequences of shifts In verbal behavior. This theory attempts to explain why people accommodate or adjust to another's speech and the need to gain approval or maintain social identity with whom they are speaking with. The theory assumptions are that perceptions of another's speech help Individuals t o evaluate and behave towards that person.The purpose of this paper Is to discuss the development of the theory by reviewing research tested and or extending the theory. More Importantly, the paper will develop an overall evaluation of the theory strength's, weakness and heuristic potential. Both speech convergence and divergence, they magnify the movement toward or away from the speech style of the other. And determine that it is ultimately motivated by an assumption about the other's speech (Giles, Mullah, Abroad, & Johnson, 1987).These strategies give great reference and understanding of the accommodation principle in communication. Communication Accommodation Theory 3 Convergence and divergence are strategies that give light on the reasons why individuals adapt to one another's speech rate. Convergence indicates that â€Å"individuals adapt to each other by slowing down or speeding up speech rate, lengthening or shortening pauses and utterances, and using certain forms of polit eness, tag questions and verbal intensifiers in their speech† (Infants, Rancher, & woman, 2003).Divergence refers to the way speakers accentuate vocal and linguistic differences to underscore social differences between speakers (Infants, Rancher, & Woman, 2003). Though the strategies differ linguistically they are the same in concept. They are unconnected in the sense â€Å"the strength of a single response may be, and usually is a function of more than one variable and a single variable usually affects more than one response† (B. F. Skinner, 1957). Street and Giles assumed that divergence is generally used when others are members of undesirable groups or hold distasteful attitudes (1982). Ultimately, we converge with others in interaction if they are powerful and we want to be like them. We diverge from others in interaction if it is important for us to highlight a separate and distinct identity' (Miller, 2005). Over time, researchers have examined the area of gender a nd communication. The research has lead to an understanding that individuals classify according to gender orientation rather than biological sex (Virginia Wheelers, 1984). The research uncovered that feminine and undifferentiated individuals were more accommodating than masculine.The research runs along the same parallel that â€Å"feminine language† is viewed as more considerate cooperative, helpful and submissive (Stewart, Stewart, Cooper, & Friendly, 1996). This issue is heuristic in the sense is has brought about the research of sound play. Communication Accommodation Theory 4 Bambini B. Speechifies, author and scientist researched sound play and described it as vocal/verbal activity of a single speaker, more importantly used between young children and mothers (Ochs & Sheffield, 1983).In these exchanges, children pay attention to the phonological shape of one another's utterances and repeat or modify slightly a sequence of sounds Just produced. The study has been reported in a number of different cultures. Speech convergence is expressed during sound play. The approval of the mother or the child's adjustment gains satisfaction for one another. These results suggest that similarity in speech and tone influence perceptions of a relationship and gains overall approval. The study observed the use of sound play, convergence and divergence in the workplace as well.The method was simple observation through the use of office cameras and role play. The purpose was to observe the amount of times the three strategies mentioned above were used and by what gender. The results of the study results of women showing convergence almost in all cases that presented themselves. Their speech in terms of pitch, volume and tone were all demonstrations that ran insistent with the implied hypotheses. The women showed signs of being more considerate, understanding and submissive.Their tone and volume were reported to be lower and seemed more empathetic to whom they were spea king with. While the men seemed very consistent with their regular speaking tones in the midst of adversity or casual conversation. More actions of divergence were shown by the male participants. Communication Accommodation Theory 5 Instances were numerous on the part of correcting others verbal expressions and used more extensive Jargon in the workplace. Research has found that stereotypes continue to show the relevance and authenticity of the convergence and divergence strategies.For example, blind persons report individuals who communicate with them tend to shout or exaggerate behaviors unrelated to their ability to see. Nurses use â€Å"baby talk† to the institutionalized elderly, regardless of the individual's capabilities (Infants, Rancher, & Woman, 2003). Another example would be the tendency of individuals to yell or express exaggerated movements to persons who cannot hear. Research has been evaluated with gender playing a role in speech convergence and divergence. So ciety as given norms that inhibit the expectancy of speech from women and men.Even women's speech exhibits marked differences compared to the speech of men, provided that women use more polite expressions and seem to adopt standard forms, while the latter tend to exercise their â€Å"right† to do as they see fit (Miller, 2005). Society norms have provided the benefit of men using divergence and women more commonly using convergence to gain approval for satisfaction. As Robin Alaska once said, â€Å"women collude in their own subordination by the way they speak. † Speech divergence in the use of metaphors in literature, in that the message used in his kind of form is accessible only to those who are conversant with the code.In this way, members of certain groups or communities can hold up walls. On one hand, exclude the ones who cannot penetrate the mind of the speaker or the writer, but on the other, help cultivate intimacy and a sense of community. Communication Accom modation Theory 6 Communication accommodation theory is a very practical and easy to understand concept. For the reason, we all have experienced the convergence and divergence experience. Either, we were the initiator or the responder. The theory illustrates its opportunity to be tested and observed to gain further extensive research.With test having been conducted and both positive and negative feedback reported, both are good for a theory. It shows legitimacy that the theory is Just that but it also shows some relevance and true findings for the theory. This being said it makes the theory heuristic. Further research, observations, testing and extensions can be produced from this theory. In addition, the theory meets the scientific standards of explanation of the result, â€Å"twin objectives of scientific knowledge† (Griffin, 1991, p. 34). It maintains a simplistic concept and is easy to understand.Having a theory that is testable and leaves room for growth and further expa nsion puts it in the category of credible, substantial theories. A weakness in the communication accommodation theory is that it leaves many questions unanswered. Questions such as the long term changes in behavior and where to draw the line of empathy and the theory are where the theory can be unclear (Infants, Rancher & Hammock, 2005). In order for individuals to understand the difference between the accommodation theory and empathy, they would have to eave the same definition and perception of what empathy is. Communication Accommodation Theory CAT- American History X In this paper, I will use CAT (Communication Accommodation Theory) to explain how convergence, divergence, and intergroup contact are illustrated within the film American History X. Convergence in CAT refers to the accommodativeness, the process concerned with how we both reduce and magnify communication differences between people in interaction. Talking about convergence, people tend to enhance interpersonal similarities and reduce uncertainties. The effect of converging towards or approximately to another can increase liking and enable him or her to be seen more competent and credible.It includes switching to the other’s language or dialect, or assuming the same level of the other’s interruptions, speech rate, posture and so forth. When engaging conversation, if the individuals or in-group identity is viewed more than the out-group identity, there will be convergence and higher communication relational satisfaction. In the film American History X, there are several examples help to illustrate the concept of convergence: Firstly, the attitude and the way of thinking towards Derek are influence by his father who is being murdered and killed by two black people during his duty as a firefighter.In one of the flashbacks in the film, Derek’s family gathered around at the dinner table, Derek mentions his black teachers, Bob Sweeney, who assigned the class to read a book which is written by an African American author. Derek’s father disapproval the book because he is personally having dissatisfaction about his job with two black people got approved to his team. He explains the facts of how the black people in their society and neibourhood would threaten their life and verbally assume Derek is supporting his point of view. All these influences Derek after his father died.He starts to believe that the problems of the society is all race related. Started from that point, Derek strongly stereotypes his ethnic identity b ecause of his father’s prejudices towards the minorities in his society and the reason for his father’s death. His convergence mixed with stereotyping leads to over accommodation which is viewed as disrespectful to his whole family both verbally and nonverbally. Second example of convergence is another flashback in the movie. Derek along with his brother Daniel and girlfriend Stacey gathered a large group of white racism gangs in the parking lot.Derek was having a speech to the whole group about the new immigration and unfairness about the distribution on the resources towards whites and other ethics. After the speech, they destroyed a market which the owner is an Asian. They almost broke everything in the store and beaten up the people inside. The whole actions show that the group of white gangs is trying to show their strong social power to those who has lower power in the society. Besides, the group of white gangs tends to converge to signal their common ethnic and social identities.In another flashback scene, when Derek was in the prison, he tried to find the group who has the similarity with him base on the tattoo on his body. He lay down and worked out in the area where the others ethic prisoners were staying and he threaten them away. Finally he found the group and he is one of the in-group members. Here Derek tends to converge as he wants to gain approval by a group of people with similarity in the prison. He also wants to develop a closer relationship with the other members in his in-group that he didn’t meet before.After three years, Derek gets released from the prison. Daniel’s appearance changes to a younger version of Derek, with shaved headed and tattoo. Derek seems to be frustrated about the tattoo on Daniel’s arm as he thought it would be a bad idea for Daniel to follow his steps and get involved all those racism stuffs. But Daniel says â€Å"I thought you would like it! † Daniel tends to converge to ga in approval and trust from his brother, he tends to develop a closer relationship with him as long as he thought they are sharing the common social identities.Divergence in CAT refers to non-accommodativeness, to magnify the communicative differences. Divergence occurs when individuals desire to represent their in-group identity above others desire. It serves as a distinction to preserve dialect or vocabulary. Members of different ethnic groups often accentuate their identities by diverging from one another both verbally and nonverbally. Divergence can be particularly intense if people feel their identity is threatened and that the other group has historically and illegitimately discriminated against them.If a person accommodates an out-group member in this situations, that person is named as cultural traitor. If the out-group identity is more noticeable than the in-group or individual identity, there will be divergence less satisfaction. Here are some examples help to illustrate th e concept of divergence: When Derek was in the prison, he found his in-group member. Everything is going well till one day Derek find out one of the prisoner in-group member trade with a Mexican American ethic group member. He is disappointed and had never acknowledged the possibility of his in-group member could do wrong.He shows his disapproval towards that member’s action nonverbally and walked away. In the next few days, Derek reveals to sit with his in-group for meals and he didn’t show any respect to his in-group. He started to play basketball with the other out-groups instead of gather with his in-group. By then, he offended the group’s leader of his own in-group and they turned on him and gang raped him in the shower. At first, Derek diverges from his in-group due to the actions of the member trading with the other out-group member. He thinks that is no different with cultural traitor.Then his in-group members disapproval towards his demeanor, the gang r aped accident happened to increasing the divergence. When he was attacked by those he once considered members of his in-group, Derek makes up his mind to leave the group after that as he thinks his social identity is being raped out because he had believed that could only be perpetrated by out-groups. After Derek is released from the prison, he went back to the party held by Cameron, who used to convince Derek to lead several violent acts. He starts off a fight with him due with the issue about his brother Daniel.Derek blames Cameron is the one who giving them so much trouble and asked Cameron to leave them alone. Derek tends to diverge from his in-group to signal his disapproval towards Cameron’s actions and demeanors. He thinks Cameron is trying to put Daniel into hardship like him. Derek broke up with his girlfriend Stacey in that same party. Derek was trying to tell Stacey to leave the group with him together, but Stacey disagree as she thought Derek is in a popular posit ion at that time and she personally doesn’t think there is any problem with the group. They turn out to be enemy.They tend to diverge to signal relational dissatisfaction, Stacey think Derek changes a lot after he gets out from the prison and she thinks he loses his reputation because of what he did to her. In one of the flashbacks in the film, Derek’s family was gathering around with a Jewish man at the dinner table. They talked about the revolution which an Asian market was being destroyed, happened before when Derek, Daniel and Stacey were involved. The Jewish man has different point of view toward the whole racism activity with three of them. Derek started the get mad in the middle of the meal.He thinks that the Jewish man is trying to get sexual benefit from his mother and he is a hater for Derek. Derek rudely asked him to get out of the house and never step into his house again. Derek tends to diverge as he wants to signal the relational dissatisfaction towards h is mother and the Jewish also he wants to disapprove toward his actions in his house, being a hater for Derek. Intergroup contact theory indicates the perceptions of an out-group will change consistent with the perceptions one holds regarding a relationship one has with a member of that out-group.Intergroup communication also maximized the presence of their group and will sometimes leads to a dissatisfied relationship. Here are some examples from American History X helps to explain the intergroup contact theory: During the work in the prison, Derek was assigned to work with an African American man who named Lamont. At first Derek refused to talk to him because of his strong stereotyping but Lamont was always trying to challenge Derek’s deep-set stereotypes. Most of the time for Lamont, it is more likely a one-side conversation.Lamont worked around with Derek’s racist attitude by talking about some common interests for example women and the reason they are in prison. Al ong with the conflicts happened between Derek with his in-group, Derek realizes that those of the other ethnicities were much more like himself than he had imagined before. They become friends afterwards and on the day that Derek got released, they met each other and Derek says to Lamont â€Å"I think part of the reason that I could get out is because of you. † Derek feels thankful to him. His strong stereotyping is lost.Another example is after Derek was being raped by his in-group member; Derek was helpless and feels utterly alone. He lost his cultural identity to cling to and is not belongs to any of the groups. While he was staying in the medical room, his former African American English teacher, Bob Sweeny, came to visit him. Derek seeks helps from him. Bob was willing to help him and he helped him to see how his actions have affected his younger brother Daniel. These two examples show that Derek has changed his attitude towards an out-group after he tried to communicate with them. Stereotyping also reduces for Derek.He tends to have a positively relationship with the out-groups which is the aims of intergroup contact theory. American History X does not only explain the convergence, divergence and intergroup contact theory in CAT (Communication Accommodation Theory), but it also explains more theories in interpersonal and intercultural communication. Convergence, divergence and intergroup are all related to the communication between an in-group and out-group. The film helps to illustrate some facts that also happening in the real life that we have to face and most of the time, the way that we could deal with them is by communication.

John Stuart Mill V. HG Wells essays

John Stuart Mill V. HG Wells essays In the coming of the 20th century many attitudes began to change. Views traditionally held started to be questioned. This is most evident in the literature of the time. Many wrote about social change in various forms. Mill in his book The Subjection of Women challenged the long held belief that women were inferior. He used examples from society to show that other injustices were righted and so to should the subjection of women. Wells? book The Time Machine was a warning to people about the consequences of further social wrongs. Together they lay an The main topic in The Subjection of Women is obviously the treatment of women. Despite this Mill also comments on other aspects of society. He does not solely concentrate on women's rights. This allows a comparison to other works about different subjects. Wells only briefly addresses women in his book, but we can still compare the two on different ideas. Mill starts discussing how power is doled out. He submits that in older times power was taken by those with greater force. Might makes right, is the gist of his argument. He calls this a, ?... primitive condition ...?(Mill 7). In more civilized times, he contends, this should not be so. The need for physical superiority is gone and this tradition of dominance over women should be ended. Wells also addresses this in his work. In the future his time traveler sees that future humans are still subject to the idea that physical superiority still counts. The Eloi are delicate creatures that no longer are strong or brave. There hasn't been any need for physical readiness for generations of Eloi. This ends up being there downfall. Their inability to defend themselves has subjected them to fearing the Morlocks. The Morlocks now controlled the planet because they were physically Physical superiority was the origin of class differences. As rich men could hire people to fight and have bette...

The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus was a large and ornate mausoleum built both to honor and hold the remains of Mausolus of Caria. When Mausolus died in 353 BCE, his wife Artemisia ordered the construction of this vast structure in their capital city, Halicarnassus (now called Bodrum) in modern Turkey.  Ã‚  Ultimately, both Mausolus and Artemisia were buried inside. The Mausoleum, considered one of the Seven  Ancient Wonders of the World,  retained its grandeur for nearly 1,800 years, until earthquakes in the 15th century destroyed part of the structure. Eventually, nearly all of the stone was taken away  to be used in nearby building projects,  particularly for  a Crusader castle. Who Was Mausolus? Upon the death of his father in 377 BCE, Mausolus  became the satrap (a  regional governor  in the Persian Empire)  for Caria. Although only a satrap, Mausolus was like a  king in his realm,  ruling for 24 years. Mausolus was descended from the indigenous herdsmen of the area, called Carians, but appreciated Greek culture and society. Thus, Mausolus encouraged  the Carians to  leave  their lives as  herdsmen and embrace the Greek way of life. Mausolus was also  all about expansion. He moved his capital city from Mylasa to the coastal city of Halicarnassus and then worked on a  number of projects to  beautify the city, including building a large palace for himself. Mausolus  was also politically savy and was thus able to add several nearby cities to his  realm. When Mausolus died in 353 BCE, his wife Artemisia, who also happened to be his sister, was grief stricken. She wanted the most beautiful tomb built for her departed husband. Sparing no expense, she hired the very best sculptors and architects  that money could buy. It is unfortunate that Artemisia died just two years after her husband, in 351 BCE, not seeing the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus completed. What Did the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus Look Like? Built from  about 353 to 350 BCE, there were five famous sculptors that worked on the exquisite tomb. Each sculptor had a portion that they were responsible for   Bryaxis (north side), Scopas (east side), Timotheus (south side), and Leochares (west side). The chariot on top was  created by Pythis. The structure of the Mausoleum was made up of three parts: a  square base on the bottom, 36 columns (9 on each side) in the middle, and then topped by a stepped pyramid that had 24 steps. All of this was covered in ornate carvings, with life-size and larger-than-life statues abounding. At the very top was the piece de resistance the chariot. This 25-foot-high marble sculpture consisted of standing  statues of both Mausolus and Artemisia riding in a chariot pulled by four horses. Much of the Mausoleum was made out of marble and the entire structure reached 140 feet high. Although large, the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus was known more for its ornate sculptures and carvings. Most of these were painted in vibrant colors. There were also friezes that wrapped around the entire building. These were extremely detailed and included scenes of battle and hunting, as well as scenes  from Greek mythology that included such mythic animals as centaurs. The Collapse After 1,800 years,  the long-lasting Mausoleum was destroyed by earthquakes that occurred  during the 15th century CE in the region.   During and after that time,  much of the marble was carried away in order to build other buildings, most especially a Crusader fortress held by the Knights of St. John.   Some of the elaborate sculptures were moved into the fortress as decoration. In 1522 CE, the crypt that for so long had safely held the remains of Mausolus and Artemisia was raided. Over time, people forgot exactly where the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus had stood. Houses were built on top. In the 1850s, British archaeologist Charles Newton recognized that some of the decorations at Bodrum Castle, as the Crusader fortress was now called, could have been from the famous Mausoleum. After studying the area and excavating, Newton found the  site of the Mausoleum.  Today, the British Museum in London contains statues and relief slabs from the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus.  Ã‚   Mausoleums Today Interestingly, the modern word mausoleum, which means a building used as a tomb, comes from the name Mausolus, for whom this wonder of the world was named. The tradition of creating mausoleums in cemeteries continues around the world today.  Families and individuals build mausoleums, both large and small,  in their own or others honor following their deaths.   In addition to these more  common mausoleums,  there are other, larger mausoleums that are tourist attractions today.   The worlds most famous mausoleum is the Taj Mahal in India.

Tax memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tax memo - Essay Example In the case of Acme Corporation and its shareholders, the redemption exercise may imply one or more tests, usually referred to as the three major tests. First is the complete redemption test. Here, there will be an absolute redemption of every stock possessed by the shareholder. Second is the substantially disproportionate test where the vending shareholder must not possess as much as 50 percent of the voting power following the redemption exercise. In addition, the owners voting stock in the company need to be not as much as 80 percent of the company’s aggregate voting stock after the redemption exercise. Third is what has been referred to as the â€Å"not essentially equivalent to a dividend test† (Ronald, 48). Here, the implication is that the redemptions need not be equal to the dividend issued by the company. It is important to note that the shareholder’s constructive, direct and indirect ownership can be considered in the above explained tests. If a shareho lder meets the above tests, the price that the company redeems the ownership will be treated like a normal exchange of sale and this will be recognized as if the owner was only passing this to another person or a third party. If the tests are not met, the company’s redemption price will be taken like the passing was made to another shareholder. Tax cost of a redemption to shareholders does start with if the transaction succeeds for sales or interchanged treatment, also Smith should confirm whether Acme Corporation has accrued return and earnings. If Acme does not have returns and earnings or the company has never acquired another company through merging, which had profit and earnings then the divided treatment cannot come into being from redemption. Normally dividends shared among its shareholders are usually treated as non-taxable return of capital to the point of accustomed foundation of stock, then capital growth from estimated nature of

Contracts & Procurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contracts & Procurement - Essay Example This hotel will have the main reception, lounge bar, restaurant and function/conference facilities. Apart from this, there is a proposal to construct two extension buildings. One of these will be utilised to accommodate 100 bedrooms and associated facilities, while the second one will be used to house a country club consisting of a swimming pool, sports hall and gym with associated facilities such as reception, changing areas, bar and a bistro restaurant. A part of the remaining land will be used to build a golf course. The existing Whitegates Lodge will be converted to a clubhouse. development is complete. With their expertise and market experience, the directors are sure to attract more clientele, increasing revenue considerably. However, they are grounded by the fact that they do not have the necessary skills to successfully manage the design and construction of their proposed project. They have limited awareness of the various reviews of the problems of the construction industry, and the resulting recommendations to solve them. They seek the professional guidance of Richard Arton Associates, a famous project management consultancy in that locality. The consortium is aware that they must keep in mind the consequence of such a project within the local area and are keen to use the development stage to create a positive image within it. A prestigious, high quality development, the directors are prepared to meet the financial costs to see this project take-off. However, they don't the cost to escalate and lead to operational complications later on as has happened on many high profile projects, but would like the project to be completed early so that their venture can begin to generate income from the facility. 2.0 Introduction There are many factors that can help implement a project successfully. Of these, we can broadly base the most important categories under: 1. Project-related factors 2. Project procedures 3. Project management actions 4. Human-related factors 5. External environment Heriot developments are in the process of launching their prestigious hotel and club project. They have acquired a prime property which was earlier owned by the Watt family. The 35 acre property came along with two buildings that could be used to begin the consortium's business launch. This is a major boost to the consortium's plan to set up a hotel and club there. The fact that the Watt property provided ample space to innovate and was located on the peripheral of the town gave Heriot developers unrestricted access to movement of machinery and labour. There would be no sort of obstruction of city life, which could have been a thorn in their flesh. On the whole, the property that the partners bought from the Watt's is definitely worthwhile. The recommendations of the directors of Heriot, who are all by profession, experienced caterers and other wings of the hospitality industry, to start a hotel and club is most feasible.